Fusaka Mainnet Announcement

Fusaka follows this year's Pectra upgrade, representing a large measurement guardant successful Ethereum's scaling roadmap that improves L1 performance, increases blob throughput, and enhances idiosyncratic experience.

The Fusaka web upgrade is scheduled to activate connected the Ethereum mainnet astatine slot 13,164,544 (December 3, 2025, 21:49:11 UTC). Fusaka besides introduces Blob Parameter Only (BPO) forks to safely standard blob throughput aft PeerDAS activation. These are minimal, config-only upgrades that set the blob target/max and interest update fraction. See the activation table beneath for further details.

The Fusaka mainnet lawsuit releases are listed below.

Fusaka Overview

Fusaka's headlining diagnostic is PeerDAS (Peer Data Availability Sampling), which enables important blob throughput scaling. Fusaka besides includes optimizations crossed the execution furniture and statement furniture to standard L1 show and amended idiosyncratic experience. This station outlines the large improvements. For a much broad overview, spot ethereum.org's usher to the upgrade.

Scale Blobs

PeerDAS EIP-7594 introduces PeerDAS, a caller networking protocol that allows nodes to verify blob information availability done sampling alternatively than downloading full blobs. This is simply a cardinal measurement toward scaling blob throughput portion maintaining Ethereum's information and decentralization.

Since the Dencun upgrade, furniture 2 usage has grown substantially, often reaching the existent 9 blob per artifact limit. PeerDAS allows Ethereum to summation this bounds without compromising connected security. It does truthful by utilizing erasure coding to let nodes to illustration portions of blob information portion inactive cryptographically guaranteeing that the afloat information is disposable crossed the network. This creates a way toward higher blob targets outlined successful Ethereum's scaling roadmap.

This sampling attack straight benefits furniture 2 rollups by supporting higher blob throughput without proportionally expanding bandwidth requirements for idiosyncratic nodes. As blob capableness scales beyond existent limits, L2 transaction fees tin alteration further portion maintaining the information guarantees of information availability connected Ethereum L1.

After PeerDAS is activated, Ethereum volition usage Blob Parameter Only (BPO) forks successful bid to safely summation blob throughput alternatively of bundling the blob parameter adjustments with named forks. Fusaka includes 2 planned BPO parameter adjustments connected mainnet starting December 9, 2025. These BPOs volition rise the per-block blob people and maximum from 6 & 9 respectively to 10 & 15 successful BPO1 and 14 & 21 successful BPO2. See the BPO schedule beneath for further details.

Scale L1

ModExp Optimization EIP-7883 and EIP-7823 enactment unneurotic to optimize the ModExp precompile. EIP-7883 increases state costs to much accurately bespeak computational complexity, including raising minimal state costs and tripling wide outgo calculations. EIP-7823 sets precocious bounds for ModExp operations. Together, these changes guarantee that resource-intensive cryptographic operations are decently priced and enactment imaginable aboriginal artifact state bounds increases.

Transaction Gas Limit Cap EIP-7825 implements a protocol-level transaction state bounds headdress of 16,777,216 gas, preventing idiosyncratic transactions from consuming excessive artifact state and protecting against DoS attacks. This lays the groundwork for parallel transaction processing successful the EVM.

Network Protocol Optimization EIP-7642 introduces eth/69, which removes pre-merge fields and the receipt Bloom from the networking protocol. This cleanup reduces sync bandwidth requirements, adds an explicit past serving model for nodes to advertise, and simplifies the codebase by removing bequest components that are nary longer needed post-merge.

Gas Limit Increase EIP-7935 raises Ethereum's default state bounds to 60M, reflecting the state bounds that halfway developers judge Ethereum L1 tin presently safely standard to. This summation enables much L1 execution capableness and has been thoroughly tested crossed antithetic lawsuit combinations to guarantee web stableness and security.

Improve UX

secp256r1 Precompile EIP-7951 adds autochthonal enactment for the secp256r1 elliptic curve done a caller precompiled contract. This enables nonstop integration with modern unafraid hardware similar Apple Secure Enclave, Android Keystore, and FIDO2/WebAuthn devices, reducing friction for mainstream blockchain adoption done acquainted authentication flows.

Count Leading Zeros Opcode EIP-7939 introduces the CLZ (Count Leading Zeros) opcode, providing a native, gas-efficient mode to execute cardinal bit-counting operations. This summation supports mathematical operations, compression algorithms, and post-quantum signature schemes portion reducing ZK proving costs.

Fusaka Specifications

The implicit database of changes introduced successful Fusaka tin beryllium recovered successful EIP-7607. The halfway EIPs include:

• EIP-7594: PeerDAS - Peer Data Availability Sampling
• EIP-7823: Set precocious bounds for MODEXP
• EIP-7825: Transaction Gas Limit Cap
• EIP-7883: ModExp Gas Cost Increase
• EIP-7917: Deterministic proposer lookahead
• EIP-7918: Blob basal interest bounded by execution cost
• EIP-7934: RLP Execution Block Size Limit
• EIP-7939: Count starring zeros (CLZ) opcode
• EIP-7951: Precompile for secp256r1 Curve Support

Additional supporting EIPs:

• EIP-7642: eth/69 - Drop pre-merge fields
• EIP-7892: Blob Parameter Only Hardforks
• EIP-7910: eth_config JSON-RPC Method
• EIP-7935: Set default state bounds to 60M

Full specifications for the execution and statement furniture changes are disposable successful the pursuing releases:

• Execution layer: TBA
• Consensus layer: v1.6.0

Fusaka besides introduces changes to the Engine API utilized for connection betwixt statement and execution furniture nodes. These are specified successful the osaka record of the execution-apis repository.

Fusaka Activation

The Fusaka web upgrade volition activate connected the Ethereum mainnet astatine the commencement of epoch 411392, happening connected December 3, 2025 astatine 21:49:11 UTC.

It was antecedently activated connected the Hoodi, Holesky, and Sepolia testnets.

Blob Parameter Only (BPO) Fork Schedule

Following the main Fusaka activation, the web volition instrumentality Blob Parameter Only forks to gradually summation blob throughput. BPO1 volition summation the per-block blob people to 10 and maximum to 15. BPO2 volition further summation the people to 14 and maximum to 21.

Mainnet BPO Schedule

Client Releases

The pursuing lawsuit releases are suitable for the Fusaka upgrade connected the Ethereum mainnet.

Consensus Layer Releases

When moving a validator, some the Consensus Layer Beacon Node and Validator Client indispensable beryllium updated.

Execution Layer Releases

Tooling

FAQ

How bash Ethereum web upgrades work?

Ethereum web upgrades necessitate explicit opt-in from node operators connected the network. While lawsuit developers travel to statement connected what EIPs are included successful an upgrade, they are not the eventual deciders of its adoption.

For the upgrade to spell live, validators and non-staking nodes indispensable manually update their bundle to enactment the protocol changes being introduced.

If they usage an Ethereum lawsuit that is not updated to the latest mentation (listed above), astatine the fork block, it volition disconnect from upgraded peers, starring to a fork connected the network. In this scenario, each subset of the web nodes volition lone enactment connected with those who stock their (un)upgraded status.

While astir Ethereum upgrades are non-contentious and cases starring to forks person been rare, the enactment for node operators to coordinate connected whether to enactment an upgrade oregon not is simply a cardinal diagnostic of Ethereum's governance.

For a much exhaustive overview of Ethereum's governance process, spot this speech by Tim Beiko.

As an Ethereum mainnet idiosyncratic oregon ETH holder, is determination thing I request to do?

In short, no.

If you usage an exchange, integer wallet oregon hardware wallet you bash not request to bash thing unless you are informed to instrumentality further steps by your speech oregon wallet provider.

If you'd similar to ticker the upgrade spell live, you tin articulation the online viewing party!

As a non-staking node operator, what bash I request to do?

To beryllium compatible with the upgrade, update your node's execution and statement furniture clients to the versions listed successful the array above.

As a staker, what bash I request to do?

To beryllium compatible with the upgrade, update your node's execution and statement furniture clients to the versions listed successful the array above. Make definite some your beacon node and validator lawsuit are updated.

As an exertion oregon tooling developer, what should I do?

Review the EIPs included successful Fusaka to find if and however they impact your project. The instauration of PeerDAS, secp256r1 support, and the caller CLZ opcode connection breathtaking opportunities for enhanced functionality and show optimizations. In particular, notation to this post for further info connected blob submission changes, and this post for further info connected changes to per-transaction state limit.

Why "Fusaka"?

Upgrades to the execution furniture travel Devcon metropolis names, and those to the statement furniture usage prima names. "Fusaka" is the operation of Fulu, a prima successful the constellation of Cassiopeia, and Osaka, the determination of Devcon V.